This paper begins by examining the conditions under which self regulation guided by ethics codes might effectively supplement the law in regulating international commerce. Ethics codes have not had a decisive impact on corporate conduct to date, I argue. However, what the emergence of ethics codes demonstrates is a wide spread international consensus that corporations do have obligations that extend from obeying the law, to respect for fundamental labour and human rights. Can this consensus be given a theoretical grounding? Certainly not by appealing to currently dominant business paradigms grounded on shareholder and agency theories of management. Not only do these theories fail to account for the view that multi national enterprises do have public or social responsibilities, they are unable to explain or justify the minimalist view they all endorse namely that corporations have at the minimum an obligation to obey the law.
From these reviews, it appears that those educational establishments withresearch departments in this field are concentrating on lead-free technology,which does not come as a big surprise. Nor am I astonished at how fewuniversities conduct undergraduate or postgraduate courses including assemblytechniques and soldering, although a handful obviously do. What does surpriseme, then? I think I must say that the metallurgy and chemistry of soldering doesnot seem to have a high priority, compared with the physical and mechanicalcharacteristics of the actual solder joint. In other words, little fundamentalscientific research seems to be undertaken, even if there is much appliedscience. Surely, I would have thought that the universities and institutes oftechnology would be the place to conduct research, but I'm afraid that appliedscience pays better because of external funding from industry and governmentaldepartments.
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